Regional Survey of HealthWorkers' Opinions on the COVID-19 Pandemic

The emergence, spread, and development of COVID-19 has become a serious challenge and a test of the professional, organizational, and technological capabilities of the global medical community. The specific nature of the profession puts health workers at the forefront of responding to a COVID-19 outbreak and exposes them to a particularly high risk of infection. Hazards include contact with the pathogen, long work hours, psychological distress, fatigue, occupational burnout, and several others. Simultaneously, as members of society, health workers are also exposed to the general risks and influences of a difficult epidemiological situation (e.g., anxiety from uncertainty, lack of information, and general social and economic problems and constraints). As professionals, health workers must demonstrate the unity of opinion, attitude, and action and act as experts for patients on various issues, implementing the state's health care policy. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022.

ANALYSIS OF THE INCIDENCE OF COVID-19 IN ORGANIZED MILITARY COLLECTIVES OF VARIOUS TYPES

Against the background of the global spread of the new SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, the prevention of infections with airborne mechanisms of transmission has become a priority in the Armed Forces. The development of effective COVID-19 prevention measures requires consideration of the peculiarities of military service and everyday life due to the inability of organized military collectives to comply with the requirements of the lockdown regime introduced at the peak of morbidity by the civilian health system. The patterns of incidence of COVID-19 in military personnel of the Western Military District in organized military collectives were studied in relation to the conditions of training and combat activities and the characteristics of military service. It was found that the dynamics of the incidence of COVID-19 among military personnel of the Western Military District in 2020–2021 exhibited a wave-like character and included four epidemic rises that coincided with epidemic waves among the civilian population. At the same time, from April to December 2020, the morbidity rate in military personnel was significantly higher than that in the general population, and from January to December 2021 against the background of mass vaccination of military personnel against COVID-19, the incidence rate in military personnel decreased by 50% relative to that in the general population. The effectiveness of anti-epidemic measures has increased significantly in recent months. The average number of patients in the epidemic outbreak decreased by 46.3%, the average duration of the outbreak decreased by 12.4%, and the proportion of group morbidity in the structure of the overall incidence of COVID-19 decreased by 19.8%. It is shown that the incidence of COVID-19 in various types of military collectives depends on the conditions of military service and the specifics of daily activities. The highest epidemiological significance of COVID-19 was detected in military units of constant readiness, as well as in medical and military educational organizations. © 2023 Nutritec. All rights reserved.

Deciphering the covid-19 epidemic and analysis of its controllability

This chapter discusses lessons from the Covid-19 crisis, based on the history of the disease in France and distribution throughout the world. The Covid-19 crisis raises many questions, in addition to those addressed in the deciphering of the epidemic. In addition to the pre-positioning of the epidemic control system, for which the best organization must be found, the tools for analyzing the emergence that have just been presented can be optimized through predictive modeling, propagation scenarios and the study of the consequences of anti-epidemic measures. While no one appears "especially guilty" of the occurrence of the Covid-19 crisis, it is highly unfortunate that real-time epidemic threat analysis systems, whose annual cost can be estimated at 1/10,000th the cost of the epidemic, were not used to contain severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. © ISTE Ltd 2022.

Students' Opinion Survey on Online Dental Education

The purpose of the present study is to examine the students' opinion regarding the conducted online educa-tion. Sociological methods: an anonymous Google forms survey was conducted including dental medicine students studying in the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic, which led to the need to switch to an online form of education. It was conducted online on a voluntary basis in the month of March 2021. A total of 50 students from various years, studying Dental Medicine at the Medical University of Varna took part in the study. The provided survey consists of 20 questions. The majority of students categorically state that face-to-face study is preferable and that digital learning methods are motivating for them. Almost half of the students have a positive opinion regarding online lectures. Through them, they get more advice and guidance from the teachers and it is easier to participate in discussions. The participants in the survey shared that online training, as a result of the introduced anti-epidemic measures, was a good option for learning the the-oretical study material.Copyright © 2022, Bulgarian-American Center. All rights reserved.

Analysis of a Typical COVID-19 Outbreak Spread by Tourist Groups

Background: Novel coronavirus disease (SARS-COV-2 infection or COVID-19) is a respiratory tract infection that has been linked to severe acute respiratory syndrome transmitted particularly through touching and respiration. The purpose of this study is to understand the epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 cases in a typical tourist-related outbreak and explore the possible route for its transmission. Method(s): All data and epidemiological survey reports of COVID-19 cases in the outbreak were reported by provincial and urban (county) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Health Commissions nationwide from October 16th to November 5th, 2021. The epidemiological survey reports included information on gender, age, source of infection (imported from other provinces or locally acquired), daily life track and itinerary, date of symptom onset, and date of diagnosis. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods, one-way analysis of variance, independent t-test, and Chi-square tests. Histograms and percentage stacked area plots were used to describe the epidemiological characteristics of the outbreaks. Result(s): The COVID-19 outbreak associated with the tourist groups has involved 551 COVID-19 cases, with a median age of 44 years (interquartile range: 30-59 years), gradually spreading from the northwestern region to the national level across 15 provinces of China. One-fifth of the cases (16.0%) had traveled to Ejin Banner, resulting in 68 second-generation cases. We estimated an outbreak on 11 flights and 19 trains, accounting for a total of 27 confirmed cases. In addition, 42 clusters of outbreak cases were also reported to occur, 21 (50.0%) in households and 10 (23.81%) in restaurants. About 106 confirmed cases were related to the gatherings in restaurants. The median incubation period for this COVID-19 outbreak was 7 days (inter-quartile range: 5-10 days). Conclusion(s): The survey results indicated that this COVID-19 outbreak originated in Ejin Banner and was spread by tourist groups, which was a typical infection outbreak promoted by travel. Our results further confirmed that travel needs to be more strictly weighed in pandemics like COVID-19, and people need to pay more attention to the prevention against infectious diseases, particularly when traveling in a tourist group.Copyright © 2022 Zheng et al.

Trust as a Resource for Fighting Coronavirus (with the Italian and Swedish Cases)

High level of interpersonal and institutional trust facilitates interactions between people, reduces transaction costs, and stimulates economic activity. Trust becomes especially important during crises when people are required to act together and to follow recommendations. The coronavirus pandemic has once again made this clear. Using data from Eurofund, we expose the relationship between various components of trust (public authorities, healthcare systems, science, etc.) and behavior of the Europeans during the COVID-19 pandemic (willingness to comply with quarantine requirements and get vaccinated). Intention to get vaccinated is most closely related to trust in science and in the healthcare system, while the willingness to comply with sanitary regime is most closely related to trust in government. Readiness to comply with epidemiological rules and willingness to get vaccinated vary greatly between countries. In the countries with higher institutional and interpersonal trust people express greater willingness to follow epidemiological recommendations announced by authorities. We selected two clusters from our sample (with lower and higher levels of trust) and chose Italy and Sweden as representatives of these clusters to illustrate differential responses to sanitary restrictions imposed by government agencies. In Italy's case, ambiguous attitude, and in Sweden's case, almost complete acceptance resulted in different levels of COVID-19 mortality. At the same time, both countries have achieved relatively high vaccination rates, which reflects reliance on science and reliability of national health systems.

Analysis of a Typical COVID-19 Outbreak Spread by Tourist Groups

Background: Novel coronavirus disease (SARS-COV-2 infection or COVID-19) is a respiratory tract infection that has been linked to severe acute respiratory syndrome transmitted particularly through touching and respiration. The purpose of this study is to understand the epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 cases in a typical tourist-related outbreak and explore the possible route for its transmission. Method(s): All data and epidemiological survey reports of COVID-19 cases in the outbreak were reported by provincial and urban (county) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Health Commissions nationwide from October 16th to November 5th, 2021. The epidemiological survey reports included information on gender, age, source of infection (imported from other provinces or locally acquired), daily life track and itinerary, date of symptom onset, and date of diagnosis. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods, one-way analysis of variance, independent t-test, and Chi-square tests. Histograms and percentage stacked area plots were used to describe the epidemiological characteristics of the outbreaks. Result(s): The COVID-19 outbreak associated with the tourist groups has involved 551 COVID-19 cases, with a median age of 44 years (interquartile range: 30-59 years), gradually spreading from the northwestern region to the national level across 15 provinces of China. One-fifth of the cases (16.0%) had traveled to Ejin Banner, resulting in 68 second-generation cases. We estimated an outbreak on 11 flights and 19 trains, accounting for a total of 27 confirmed cases. In addition, 42 clusters of outbreak cases were also reported to occur, 21 (50.0%) in households and 10 (23.81%) in restaurants. About 106 confirmed cases were related to the gatherings in restaurants. The median incubation period for this COVID-19 outbreak was 7 days (inter-quartile range: 5-10 days). Conclusion(s): The survey results indicated that this COVID-19 outbreak originated in Ejin Banner and was spread by tourist groups, which was a typical infection outbreak promoted by travel. Our results further confirmed that travel needs to be more strictly weighed in pandemics like COVID-19, and people need to pay more attention to the prevention against infectious diseases, particularly when traveling in a tourist group. Copyright © 2022 Zheng et al.

Trust as a Resource for Fighting Coronavirus (with the Italian and Swedish Сases)

High level of interpersonal and institutional trust facilitates interactions between people, reduces transaction costs, and stimulates economic activity. Trust be-comes especially important during crises when people are required to act together and to follow recommendations. The coronavirus pandemic has once again made this clear. Using data from Eurofund, we expose the relationship between various components of trust (public authorities, healthcare systems, science, etc.) and behavior of the Europe-ans during the COVID-19 pandemic (willingness to comply with quarantine require-ments and get vaccinated). Intention to get vaccinated is most closely related to trust in science and in the healthcare system, while the willingness to comply with sanitary re-gime is most closely related to trust in government. Readiness to comply with epidemi-ological rules and willingness to get vaccinated vary greatly between countries. In the countries with higher institutional and interpersonal trust people express greater willingness to follow epidemiological recommendations announced by authorities. We se-lected two clusters from our sample (with lower and higher levels of trust) and chose Italy and Sweden as representatives of these clusters to illustrate differential responses to sanitary restrictions imposed by government agencies. In Italy's case, ambiguous attitude, and in Sweden's case, almost complete acceptance resulted in different levels of COVID-19 mortality. At the same time, both countries have achieved relatively high vaccination rates, which reflects reliance on science and reliability of national health systems. © 2022, Institute of Europe Russian Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Epidemic Outbreak of COVID-19 in Foreign Closed Long-Term Care Facilities

Objective. Of particular interest is the incidence of COVID-19 in closed groups, in institutions, in particular, in nursing homes, geriatric centers, veterans' homes and neuropsychiatric boarding schools. Methods. Analysis and description of COVID-19 foci in closed long-term care facilities was carried out using literature sources from the MEDLINE medical information database using the PubMed electronic search engine, using the search query CARE HOME OR NURSING HOME OR LONG-TERM CARE FACILITY AND COVID-19 AND OUTBREAK. The share of sick people as a percentage of the total number of residents and individual employees was considered only in those publications that described the outbreak of COVID-19 in a single institution. The absence of data on the number of hospitalizations and deaths, symptoms, and data on the time frame of the outbreak was not an exclusion criterion, but their presence was taken into account in the analysis. We selected mainly publications where people with a positive PCR test for SARS-CoV-2 RNA were considered to be ill with COVID-19. However, it is worth considering that the authors describe outbreaks during the first rise in the incidence of COVID-19 in the world, when there was a shortage of test systems for a new coronavirus infection. Results. An overview of the incidence of COVID-19 in the world in closed long-term care institutions is presented. It has been shown that residents of closed communities are elderly people with many concomitant diseases, in connection with which a severe course of COVID-19 and high mortality are often noted. Conclusion. Convictions about the need to strengthen the quality of anti-epidemic measures in closed long-term care institutions, which are at risk, are summarized. © Akimkin VG, et al.

Study of Influence of Public Opinion about Vaccination on COVID-19 Immunization

This study is aimed at assessing impact of public opinion about vaccination on immunization against COVID-19 and, as a result, implementation of measures for the non-proliferation of morbidity among the population. The study differs from previous ones in the following areas: 1) posts from the most popular social network in Russia, VKontakte, are analyzed for the first time;2) influence of intensity of the epidemic process and attitude of the population to vaccination on inoculation coverage is considered;3) lag effect and influence on running time of indicated factors on vaccination, are considered. Morbidity dynamics in Russia and vaccination rate were analyzed according to the portal "Our World in Data". Attitude of population to vaccination is determined through sentiment analysis of posts of Vkontakte in 2021. Assessment of dependence of people's attitude to vaccination and implementation of immunization process, as well as the spread of viral infection, is studied using Granger causality test. The results of the article can be used in solving problems of increasing effectiveness of implementation of state anti-epidemic measures and management of vaccination process. © 2022 IEEE.

SOUTHEAST ASIA IN THE FIGHT AGAINST COVID-19 PANDEMIC. REGIONAL TRENDS AND NATIONAL SPECIFICS

This article attempts to analyze the dynamics of development of the pandemic in the SEA subregion, starting from the first documented cases in the begging of 2020 up until the summer of 2021. A special emphasis is made on such aspects as the response of authorities to the spread of COVID-19, economic conditions during the period of the pandemic, the role of various regional bodies, social and political consequences of the pandemic crisis. The analysis revealed a number of common region-wide traits that came about during the pandemic and became a part of regional specifics of SEA in general, and also individual features of particular local countries. During the fight against the pandemic different ASEAN countries ended up with their own unique models for the behavior of its citizens, state actions and functioning of the economy that were influenced by many factors: capability of the state authority to keep control over the spread of the epidemic, structural differences of national economies, the scope of the state-conducted anti-crisis policies. At this point it still hard to properly evaluate the scale of destructive influence of the pandemic over the countries of the Southeast Asia. Considering the persisting issues with vaccination as well as low economic potential of the most regional states and the depletion of their reserves during the period of intensive anti-crisis support of 2020–2021, the region’s recovery from the ongoing crisis will be uneven and most likely will take more time that in other fast-growing regions of the world. © 2022, Russian Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

NEW CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC WORLDWIDE: SOME LESSONS FROM COVID-19 CONTROL

The aim of the study was to perform a comparative analysis of COVID-19 epidemic process in selected countries of the world during the first pandemic wave in 2020 and during the rise of SARS-CoV2 variant Omicron. Materials and research methods. Analysis of the COVID-19 epidemic process was based on data from the Wordometers website (https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/#countries). In addition, scientific and popular science articles and official documents on the history, epidemiology, and response to the pandemic in different countries of the world in 2020-2022 were analyzed. The authors' own observations were also used. Results of the study and their analysis. Restrictive measures adopted in the People's Republic of China (PRC), mass screening of the population, observation of those arriving in the country and hospitalization of all those infected made it possible to virtually reduce the circulation of the virus to zero. In the Russian Federation, timely simultaneous epidemic control measures throughout the country resulted in a significant decline in the intensity of the epidemic, both early in the pandemic and after local Omicron transmission, and prevented explosive growth of cases. In the USA, Italy and Sweden, untimely or lenient restrictive measures and low testing during selected periods of the pandemic led to an avalanche of cases and deaths. Thus the epidemic process of COVID1-9 in the analysed countries depended on the timeliness, duration and extent of restrictive and quarantine measures. © 2022, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. All rights reserved.

Experience in conducting anti-epidemic and medical evacuation measures at a large construction site in the conditions of the spread of the first wave of a new coronavirus infection (COVID-19)

Relevance. The greatest difficulties in emergencies of biological nature arise if health care is provided to significant contingents of persons engaged in work activities outside large settlements and united by common living, food and recreation conditions, for example, shift workers engaged in the implementation of large construction projects. Despite the pandemic of the new coronavirus infection (COVID-19), the construction of large industrial enterprises should continue, which makes the problem of medical support for shift workers extremely urgent. Intention. To analyze the experience of organizing and conducting anti-epidemic and medical evacuation measures during the medical support of personnel engaged in the construction of the Amur Gas Processing Plant (AGPP) in the conditions of the spread of the first wave of a new coronavirus infection (COVID-19). Methodology. The subject of the study was the medical support of shift workers employed in the construction of the AGPP. The total number of employees working on the construction site of the AGPP daily from March to September 2020 ranged from 30,390 to 39,120 people. Citizens of the Russian Federation as well as of foreign countries from near and far abroad worked on a shift basis. All employees lived in dormitories on the territory of temporary shift camps for construction workers, and ate in common canteens. Anti-epidemic and medical evacuation measures were developed and their effectiveness assessed using methods of historical analysis and comparison, systematic and logical analysis, expert assessments, statistical analysis. Results and Discussion. The results of a retrospective analysis of measures for medical support of workers employed in the construction of the AGPP are presented. Starting from 03/28/2020, the following anti-epidemic measures were implemented: disinfection of dormitories, canteens, transport and offices;the use of protective masks and gloves;daily measurement of body temperature;disposable tableware. Since 04/27/2020, there were restrictions on entry and exit from the AGPP;employees lived either in shift camps on the territory of the construction site, or in city dormitories with isolated perimeter (for engineering and technical personnel). After detecting the first case of COVID-19 infection, isolation of COVID-19 cases with contact tracing took place. From 29.05 to 06.06.2020, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunofluorescence analysis were performed in 30,445 workers. As a result, a quarantine regime in shift camps was introduced, and medical prophylaxis was prescribed to their inhabitants in accordance with the Temporary Methodological Recommendations “Prevention, diagnosis and treatment of a new coronavirus infection (COVID-19)”, version 7.0 of 03.06.2020. During repeated mass testing from 12.06 to 19.06.2020, 95.9% of primary SARS-CoV-2-positive employees became negative after treatment with hydroxychloroquine and recombinant interferon-alpha, thus suggesting high effectiveness of anti-epidemic, therapeutic, and preventive measures. For treatment of COVID-19 cases, a hospital base was deployed, including three provisional hospitals, infectious disease department of the Svobodnenskaya Hospital and a temporary infectious disease hospital built in June-July 2020 directly on the site of the AGPP. The above facilities had all the necessary medical equipment and supplies. Due to the shortage of available beds in health facilities, on 14.06 and 19.06.2020 44 patients with COVID-19 of mild and moderate severity were evacuated by air to medical institutions of the Khabarovsk Territory and the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). More than 150 healthcare workers, including doctors, nurses, paramedics and medical assistants were involved in anti-epidemic, therapeutic, and preventive measures at the AGPP. Conclusion. Thanks to the anti-epidemic and medical evacuation measures, the construction of the AGPP during the first wave of new coronavirus infection went on, and after the epidemic situation stabilization in August 2020, mass engageme t of shift workers was resumed. © 2022 Nikiforov Russian Center of Emergency and Radiation Medicine, EMERCOM of Russia

Impact of Nonspecific Antipidemic Measures against COVID-19 on the INCIDENCE of Acute Purulent Meningitis during the Pandemic

Relevance. Nonspecific anti-epidemic measures against СOVID-19 (mask-wearing, social distancing, lockdowns, homework, quarantines, school closures, tourism bans, etc.) resulted in a significant decrease in the incidence of many respiratory infections. Scientific publications have reported a decrease in the incidence of bacterial purulent meningitis (BMP) during the development of the COVID-19 pandemic. Aims. To review the scientific publications on the decline in the incidence of BMP during the СOVID-19 pandemic. Conclusions. Undoubtedly non-specific anti-epidemic measures taken during the COVID-19 pandemic helped to reduce the incidence of respiratory infections regardless of their etiology and could serve as an indirect indicator of the activity of these measures. © 2022, Numikom. All rights reserved.

EXTRACURRICULAR ACTIVITIES IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS AT SCHOOL IN THE COVID-19 CONDITIONS

In the educational system of Bulgaria, extracurricular activities are provided and organized in all schools. There are also schools in the education system of Bulgaria that are neither private nor attached to the Ministry of Education. They are foreign schools in Bulgaria that are under the auspices of their embassies and their education system (e.g. French Lyceum, Anglo-American School, Russian School, American College and others). Sports activities are widespread, as it is well known that most European countries, and especially the United States, believe that competitive spirit is crucial in many professional fields, as well as teamwork, which is imperceptibly developing in most sports. The aim of the present study is to examine the opinion of parents of children from the secondary education level regarding extracurricular activities in physical education and sports in the context of COVID-19. Various research methods were used, like review study of specialized literature and normative documents and survey method. As a result, it was concluded that when students are placed in new and different conditions for sports, their desire and interest to play and to be active is not reduced. The created and well-organized safe environment during the classes gives confidence and peace of mind to the parents that their children are safe

VIOLATIONS OF THE RIGHT TO HEALTH DUE TO LIMITED ACCESS TO PROTECTION OF HEALTH DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA AND POSSIBLE LEGAL IMPLICATIONS

The battle against the COVID-19 pandemic is still the most important problem and a great challenge for the overburdened health system in the Republic of Croatia. This paper examines the research into how violations of humans' right to health occurred due to the inaccessibility to health protection for uninfected persons during the COVID-19 pandemic. The research implemented showed that a system of anti-epidemic measures which completely suspended or significantly reduced the possibility to access primary and hospital health care, stopped preventive programs of cancer detection. Much medical research has already revealed the possible harmful effects to people's health in the increase in cases of the contraction of and death from cancer and other serious illnesses, particularly in relation to certain vulnerable groups for example, women and oncology patients. The author concludes that the right to access protection of health during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Croatia was significantly limited and analyzes possible legal consequences which could occur due to the suspension or limitation to the right to access health care as a violation of the right to health.

Experience in fighting with covid-19 in management company "metalloinvest"

Introduction. The problem of effectively countering the COVID-19 pandemic is particularly acute for companies with a continuous production cycle, which include metallurgical enterprises. The plan of anti-epidemic measures developed by the operational headquarters of "Metalloinvest" includes three blocks: measures to prevent infection and prevent the spread of coronavirus infection;measures to improve the effectiveness of treatment and rehabilitation. The medical staff of corporate medical organizations and health protection groups at the company's enterprises implement a set of anti-epidemic measures daily. There are situation centers that provide organizational and advisory assistance to patients, and contact centers that inform employees about issues related to COVID-19. We are successfully implementing the program of corporate volunteering and social partnership. In terms of the protection of employees and their families, a large-scale program was launched to support state medical institutions in the areas of presence, providing for the retrofitting of high-tech medical equipment (computer tomographs, artificial lung ventilation devices, blood gas analyzers, oxygen concentrators, specialized vehicles), as well as the supply of personal protective equipment and disinfection for medical personnel, medicines. Thanks to the measures taken, "Metalloinvest" managed to maintain a stable production operation, ensure prompt monitoring of the health status of employees, and reduce the incidence of COVID-19. In total, from March to December 2020, 2,934 cases of COVID-19 and pneumonia were detected in employees, 17 deaths were confirmed, 20,889 tests and 1,644 CT scans of the lungs were performed. The number of employees in "Metalloinvest" with a diagnosis of coronavirus infection and pneumonia is less than 0.3% of all employees, which is almost 4 times lower than among residents of the regions where they operate. © 2021, Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Medicine. All rights reserved.

STUDY OF FEATURES OF HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE TO THE NEW CORONAVIRUS INFECTION COVID-19 AMONG HEALTHCARE WORKERS

Relevance. Since the beginning of the epidemic in China, there have been reports of nosocomial cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection, including among medical workers. Studies of the intensity of humoral immune response to the SARS-CoV-2 virus among medical workers who are much more likely to have professional contact with COVID-19 patients than are of particular importance. The aim is to study the seroprevalence and features of the humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 among medical workers. Materials and methods. The study included 61 medical workers from a multidisciplinary hospital in Kazan, which was redesigned to provide medical care to patients with new coronavirus infection, using the method of random sampling. The control group consisted of 60 non-medical workers. For the determination of IgG, a solid-phase ELISA was used. Statistical processing of the results was carried out using MS Excel software. The error of the relative value (M +/- m) was calculated, and the 95% confidence interval of the frequency of occurrence. To assess the significance of differences, the Student's test (t-test) was used for independent samples. Results. The proportion of those seropositive to SARS-CoV-2 in the study group was 45.9%, compared with 21.7% in the control group. Among medical workers seropositive to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the proportion of asymptomatic forms was 18.5%, mild forms - 53.6%, moderate forms and severe forms 25%. Two forms of the formation of a humoral immune response among seropositive ones were revealed: the first is characterized by the gradual elimination of specific IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 after 8 weeks from the onset of the first symptoms of COVID-19, the second form is an increase in specific IgG to SARS-CoV-2 and a higher value of the coefficient level of IgM positivity to SARS-CoV-2 after 8-10 weeks from the onset of the first symptoms. The group of seropositive, "raising antibodies", prevailed over the group of individuals "eliminating antibodies". Among seropositive medical workers, two forms of the formation of a humoral immune response were revealed: synchronous with the parallel elimination of IgG and IgM antibodies and a parallel increase in IgG and IgM. Conclusion. The study of the level of humoral immunity to COVID-19 in medical workers is important in terms of planning both anti-epidemic measures and predicting the effectiveness of the response to vaccination to SARS-CoV-2.

[COVID-19 immunizations in occupational medicine]. / Szczepienia przeciwko COVID-19 w medycynie pracy.

This article discusses issues related to exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in the work environment and employee's vaccination against COVID-19. The new SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus identified as the etiologic agent of COVID-19 prompted the World Health Organization (WHO) to declare a pandemic in March 2020. The droplet route transmits the virus. Therefore, health care workers in contact with sick people and anyone employed in direct contact with large numbers of people are particularly vulnerable to infection. The introduction of COVID-19 vaccination removes the need for quarantine, reduces the risk of disease, limits transmission within the workplace, and reduces sickness absence. The role of the occupational health services is to promote vaccination against COVID-19 by providing reliable information on the safety and efficacy of immunization and organizing and carrying out vaccination in workplaces. Med Pr. 2021;72(6):701-10.

[The medical social technology of health preservation of elderly population in conditions of self-isolation].

In Moscow (as of January 1, 2020), the number of population made up to 12,678,079, and out of them the elderly population made up to 2.8 million. Up to the end of 2020, the number of the elderly will reach 3.3 million requiring implementation of corresponding preventive measures due to mass prevalence of coronavirus infection. The COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated that despite restructuring of functioning of industry, social security and health care, quarantine and self-isolation occurred to be exactly the effective measures. The self-isolation regimen also revealed aggravation of harmful effects of stress factors, hypodynamia, hypooxygenation and decreasing of immunological resistance. It is especially important to organize leisure activities and to create the most comfortable conditions for isolated living of the elderly as most susceptible to infection. The experience demonstrated that properly chosen set of activities during self-isolation regimen both disciplines and permits to apply surplus of free time to intensify health potential and to consolidate family relationships.